Tuesday, December 17, 2013

The Pirate Years, Part V: The Trials of a Clinical Trial

As I explained in Part IV, Joey was accepted into a clinical trial at UC Berkeley's LEVI lab in October, 2013, which is examining the effectiveness of 3D video game play as a therapy for amblyopia.

For the last two months, Joey has followed an hour-long regimen, five days a week: play 3D video games while wearing special glasses which blur the good eye such that it is slightly worse than the impaired eye. This forces the two eyes to work together (unlike patching, which works the amblyopic eye independently), creates dominance in the "bad" eye, and, so the theory goes, improves the functioning of the amblyopic eye in a manner truer to actual vision (using both eyes) than patching, and, as prior research has shown, more quickly, too.

The Trials of the Trial
It is quite possible that the most challenging part of this trial is the logistics--getting to the lab, parking, walking in; getting back home in time to pick up Joey's brother from school; in general, making up for the three hours a day, five days a week we lose in homework time, errands, and work time for me. We have found some rhythms: Joey delights in her ever-changing lunch selections, which are both practical in their car-ride friendliness, and necessary, in that there is no other time for her to eat except on the journey. She is keen on watching road signs and looking for parking spots; she has learned the way from the streets around Bancroft through the paths and buildings on campus to the Optometry Center. In terms of simple adaptation to the routine, I think she has fared better than I have.

In the lab, Joey has charmed the grad students who attend her, and she enjoys barking orders at her gaming buddies and insisting on their aid. Being asked to perform successfully in visual tasks while nearly blind, however, creates plenty of opportunity for frustration; some days our sessions are challenging for her, frustrating for me, and truly the worst part of our day. On occasion, they end in dramatic chair slumping and interesting hairdos brought on by repeated removal of the strapped-on glasses.

While gaming makes for far more pleasant therapy than patching, Joey's natural instinct to see at all costs has presented some challenges. The special glasses she wears, though the smallest possible size, are too large for her head, and the 3D glasses, adult-sized, must rest upon them as well. The precarious balance creates only a small window through which her blurred vision and the 3D glasses are effective together. It also creates a number of "cracks" through which she can peek. She tries her best, but the best intentions of a five-year-old last only a minute or so, and we've been faced with the challenge of how to keep her looking through the proper port hole. So far, Post-Its have been surprisingly effective. She hates them, but they get the job done.

The 40-hour Review
Today we went in for our 40-hour review. The news is remarkable. Joey has made a 15-20% improvement in her vision. On a standard eye chart, it is the equivalent of a whole line, plus some. In other terms:
  • Her starting vision for being able to read one whole line was 20/500. She is now seeing 20/320, better than she ever has before.
  • When focused on a single letter (with other letters blocked out), she has moved from 20/300 to 20/240.
  • In relative terms, this is the equivalent of 120 hours of effective patching.
We are a bit stunned. Even as we started the trial, there was skepticism about whether she had the capacity to improve at all, and here we are with a whole line improvement. (She did have some success with even smaller letters, notably a fairly small "E" which, because of its contrast, is often very hard to discern. These gains were not consistent across entire lines, and so can't be considered firm progress, but they point to the possibility of even greater gains.) Giving that we had not a single indication of improvement during the two years we attempted patching, this is amazing.

The Next Step
And so we press on. The lab wants 20 more hours in-lab, and then another re-test; at that time, if she improves further, we can look into getting the (readily-available) equipment at home, allowing her to continue the therapy without our having to make the trek to campus five days a week. This is good news piled on a healthy portion of great news.

As this year comes to a close, I am, quite simply, grateful to science, and the wonderful people who dedicate themselves to its advancement. Thanks, too, to all of the folks who have kept up with Joey's story over the years, and who have lent your support on the varied, challenging legs of this journey. From friends making designer patches to strangers offering left-over supplies, I have been moved by many kindnesses, and by the reach that a story like this can have. I look forward to updating this blog--perhaps even with more good news--in the coming year.

Tuesday, October 15, 2013

The Pirate Years, Part IV: A New Vision of Amblyopia

I am happy to get a moment to give an update on Joey's condition and on her progress. Today was a big day, and I am a bit overwhelmed...and nauseous. But I'll get to that in a minute.

For the last few months there hasn't been much to say. Summer activities and a bizarre severe viral infection made patching impractical. Joey's doctor determined that patching probably wouldn't help her; this also left us with little energy for the project.

Last the spring, her doctor pointed us to a recent study that showed some promising results, and took place right in our back yard. The therapy involved video game play during patching therapy, and the results were impressive. The study produced significant improvement even for adult amblyopia patients (whom medical wisdom deems too old for effective treatment). In this particular study, some patients showed an amazing 50% improvement in vision after 40 hours of therapy, sometimes even less.

The research was headed up by Dr. Roger Li of UC Berkeley, Bret's alma mater, my summer employer, just a half hour's drive away. After a few months of information exchanges, we were able to get Joey in for an evaluation to participate in their current clinical trial.

Joey at the initial evaluation.
The evaluation itself was somewhat grueling; though youth is on her side developmentally, Joey would probably be better able to handle the tasks if she were just a bit older. She worked for 45 minutes at "What letter do you see?", patched and unpatched. This, for a child who has just recently gotten a firm handle on all the letters even when she can see them, definitely stretched her capacity. She did qualify for the study, however. Now the fun begins.

Today was her trial therapy session. For the first 15 minutes, we played a 3D game together on a PS3. This is somewhat unfortunate, as Bret and Colin are the real gamers in the family; Joey loves to watch and understands game play very well, but has undeveloped controller skills. Gaming left me behind with the introduction of 3D navigation (which was, when? 1996?). I've spent countless hours stuck against walls ever since. And yet I am her guide, poor thing.

So we played for 15 minutes with glasses on and no patch, then took a 15 minute break. The graduate students delighted her with Legos and candy. Then the hard work began; we played the game with a patch, regular glasses, and 3D glasses....It was a lot of weight for her little ears to bear, and significantly more taxing on her eyes. I played more this time, just keeping the game play going so she would keep watching and helping. She claimed she couldn't see anything, but would then tell me to "go pull the handle" and explained that "the meter will refill itself," so we knew she was seeing a little better than she was letting on.

She left the session unfazed and pleased with her pack of Smarties; I left ready to vomit. We rushed from campus back to the car, back home, just in time to get Colin from school. This will be our routine for the next 4 weeks, for 20 sessions. If she shows progress, we keep going.

The logistics will be challenging, and I'm sure that the travel will begin to wear on us after a while, pinching our time to get other things done. We are lucky to have this alternative to explore, however, and I am happy to be a part of research that brings amblyopia therapy out of the dark ages. Even if the end result is that Joey personally experiences no improvement, this is just one of those things we would regret not doing.

In a few days we return to meet Dr. Li personally. The grad students working with us admitted that her case is severe; they placed her vision back at 20/400, with mild astigmatism to boot. (Really, isn't being mostly blind enough?) It will be interesting to hear what Dr. Li has to say.

For the next few weeks, I guess we have a lot of gaming to do.


Thursday, March 28, 2013

The Pirate Years, Part III: Five (Maybe Not So) Dumb Things I've Done to Get My Daughter to Wear a Patch

Part III in the sage of Joey's vision development. Once the drama of cataract surgery and the early days of recovery passed, we got on with the business of amblyopia therapy. We were charged with 6-8 hours of daily patch therapy, in the hopes of improving her brain's willingness to read the signals from her amblyopic, 20/400 vision eye.

That business isn't an easy one to be in.

An average preschooler, if given the choice between being able to see well or poorly, will choose sight. A preschooler, given the ability to remove an impediment to vision, will avail herself of the opportunity to do so, and will resist all attempts to reinstate the impaired state. And her mother, under dire orders to enforce vision impairment for 6-8 hours of each of her darling preschooler's days, will sink slowly into madness in the effort.

"We just have to get creative," says the mom in My Travelin' Eye, a favorite children's book about amblyopia. And so we did.

Five (Maybe Not So) Dumb Things I've Done to Get My Daughter to Wear an Eye Patch

 

1. Enlist the Help of Friends

Joey wearing her favorite of all of our "friend patches."
Okay, so this is probably the least dumb of all of the things I've done. While Joey was still healing from surgery, I send packets of patches to family and friends and asked them to decorate them for her. They mailed them back to us for Joey to wear, often with very kind notes. We received the most amazing, creative, beautiful, bizarre sets of patches we could have imagined. They delighted her, and Bret and I "felt the love" through these patches as we struggled in those early days.

2. Make a Scrapbook

"Crafty" is definitely not a word one would find on my elementary school "describe yourself with words using each of the letters of your own name" activities. At three years old, Joey had better instincts for crafting possibilities than I do. But here we were, with dozens of lovingly created patches by all of our friends, and nothing to do with them after their use. So, we put together a book in which she could place each patch next to a picture of the person who made it for her. As a specimen of the art of scrapbooking, it's pretty s-crappy, but even now, two years later, she loves to look through the pages and see the patches and the friends and family who made them for her.

3. Wear a Patch Myself

Living with very young children is like trying to breath with your head sticking out the window of a car on a freeway. If you concentrate, center yourself, and imagine success, you can do it, but one moment of inattention to the whipping of the wind and your eyes go bleary and your hair is a mess and you end up with a bug up your nose. And that's on a normal day. Add hours of therapy for as long as is possible, and let the gasping begin. It takes so little to throw us off the road--a drippy nose, travel, or just one of those bad days that 4-year-olds have--and the result is, more often than not, less than adequate. Each time we are forced to take a hiatus of a week or two, starting again is like starting over, and starting over requires new gimmicks, new games, and new distractions to make therapy happen.


At just one of these times, I decided to patch with Joey on days when I could. Much like shaving one's head to show solidarity with a loved one going through chemo, I hoped to show my solidarity and make her feel less alone during patch time. I'm pretty sure I did neither of these things, but there were lessons for me to learn from the experience.

From patching with Joey, I learned, as much as would be possible, what it is like to try to function with the use of just one eye. Not surprisingly, for someone not accustomed, it is incredibly difficult. I'm already a pretty clumsy person, but the loss of peripheral vision and stereo vision made many important tasks--measuring, pouring, stirring, moving dinner from pan to plate--downright hazardous, if not plain foolish. What I did not expect to learn was how tiring it was. Not after a few hours, but mere minutes after putting on the patch, my body would simply shut down.....I was physically exhausted, almost paralyzed. We had often seen the same reaction in her, but chalked it up to the struggle just to get the patch on and to general preschooler resistance. But I suffered from the same fatigue, some kind of psychological protectionism of the body, each time I put the patch on. Since my stint of patching with Joey, I've been much more sympathetic about the times when I ask her to patch, and I consider more carefully what other demands we will also be placing on her during those times.

4. Decorate with Patches

What? It's butterflies, and flowers, and grass....
Despite my crippled inner artist, being crafty seems like the only inroad with Joey and her patches. (In fact, in almost all matters is this true with Joey.) And so back to the craft store we went for yet another therapy re-boot. I had heard of parents who drew elaborate murals for their daughters, life-size princesses for which the patches were the ruffles on their skirts....I could match none of these things, and my effort at creating a picture with patches was pretty pathetic indeed.

One thing I do have going for me, however, is that I am a teacher, and as such unabashed in my willingness to teach something with everything I do. Joey loves numbers, and so we made up some counting pages, using the patches as our units of measure.
What's wrong with this picture? Joey knows; she did it herself, "because it's fun that way."
These two projects exhausted my capacity for creativity. Luckily for me, you can buy art. Maybe not Picasso, but art good enough to put patches all over. I will be forever grateful to the folks at Ortopad, who saved me from my nightmares of 8th grade crafts class and had the genius to make a drawing intended to be filled in with eye patches. Which leads us to #5.

5. Reward a Child Who Does Not Yet Understand Rewards; and then Reward a Child Who Does Understand Rewards

The problem with rewards for young children is that it presupposes an understanding of cause and effect, of delayed gratification, of a willingness, not just to do, sometime, something that might, some day, earn you something cool; but to do, right now, something you deeply dislike on the not-yet-often-tested promise that, someday, you'll get something cool. These skills are paper-clip-chain strong in a 4-year-old, and just as likely to stand up to daily use. Both of my kids have proven late-bloomers when it comes to being willing to suffer in the "now" for the benefit of the "later." And yet we persist with stickers and charts and every bit of such nonsense, often long before our kids were ready for them.

Ortopad makes great patches, too, cute, effective, and, most importantly, with glitter.
It has been an interesting exercise. When we started the chart above, three or four months ago, Joey had very little grasp of the reward element, and while she was content to put the patch on the chart after we had (in some other way) convinced her to wear it, she would be somewhat dumbfounded when she reached the "10" or "20" mark and she got a prize. The prize was always welcome, of course, but in those early days it was clear that the cause and effect connections were absent.

She completed this chart yesterday, and by those last few patches she knew what it meant each day to wear one; she knew that she was one step closer to the final goal, and she was, at least some days, willing to overcome her own natural resistance for the purpose of that goal. I'd be proud if I didn't know that nothing that I have done has had anything to do with her reaching that developmental milestone, but it is still pretty cool to watch it develop over time.


Of course, having a child who understands rewards means having a child who understands that rewards should be something she wants, and not necessarily something that Mom wants her to have, and so we are now proud owners of this fine piece of gender-stereotyping commercialism, the My Little Pony Royal Castle Playset. On the list of dumb things I've done to get my daughter to wear a patch, this borders on deserving to be #1.




UPDATE:
I am mostly catching up in time in these posts, but there have been recent developments. Sadly, Joey's cataract has begun growing again (or never continued to stop), enough that she sees spots of darkness in certain kinds of light. (True to form, Joey describes these shapes in an almost daily rotation of creatures: teddy bear, penguin, tarantula....Most recently it has been a fish. It is a blessing that she is not at all disturbed by these visual companions.) Because her own lens has mostly been removed and replaced with a plastic one, these shadows are likely to remain at the periphery of her vision and, hopefully, will not impede any development.

In fact, her vision improved this last visit, startling both me and her doctor when she correctly identified the letter one size smaller than the "big E" on the eye chart. Her vision in her amblyopic eye now stands at 20/300. That's a long way from regular sight, and still isn't correctable with glasses, but given that we thought progress was, quite possibly, impossible, it was heartening news.

In addition, we are somewhat optimistic about some new research in vision therapy. I'll share some of what we have learned in the next post, which will also feature...kittens!